See foule on Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "more foule",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "most foule",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
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"pos": "adj",
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"word": "foul"
}
],
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"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
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"ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto I”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:",
"text": "The Patron of true Holinesse\n foule Errour doth defeate;\n Hypocrisie him to entrappe\n doth to his home entreate.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Obsolete form of foul."
],
"id": "en-foule-en-adj-3fCGLSAN",
"links": [
[
"foul",
"foul#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"english": "etymologically unrelated",
"translation": "etymologically unrelated",
"word": "foule mudammas"
}
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"word": "foule"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "bain de foule"
}
],
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"name": "glossary"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "frm",
"3": "foule",
"4": "",
"5": "group of men, people collectively",
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"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
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"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
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"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French foule (“group of men, people collectively”)",
"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "frm",
"3": "foule",
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"name": "inh+"
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"3": "foule",
"4": "",
"5": "act of treading"
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
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"4": "",
"5": "people, multitude, crowd, troop"
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la-eme",
"3": "fulcus"
},
"expansion": "Early Medieval Latin fulcus",
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},
{
"args": {
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"4": "*folc"
},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fulką",
"4": "",
"5": "collection or class of people, multitude; host of warriors"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fulką (“collection or class of people, multitude; host of warriors”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pleh₁-",
"4": "",
"5": "to fill"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "folc",
"3": "",
"4": "people collectively, nation"
},
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "folc",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "mareschal"
},
"expansion": "Old French mareschal",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French foule (“group of men, people collectively”), alteration (due to Middle French foule (“act of treading”)) of Old French foulc (“people, multitude, crowd, troop”), from Early Medieval Latin fulcus, from Frankish *folc, *fulc (“crowd, multitude, people”), from Proto-Germanic *fulką (“collection or class of people, multitude; host of warriors”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Cognate with Old High German folc (“people collectively, nation”), Old English folc (“common people, troop, multitude”). More at folk.\nFor the loss of c after l, compare Old French mareschal, seneschal, etc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "foules",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "foule f (plural foules)",
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"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
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110,
115
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[
101,
106
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],
"english": "Social Psychologists have developed several theories to explain the way in which the psychology of a crowd differs and interacts with that of the individuals within it.",
"text": "Les psychologues sociaux ont développé plusieurs théories afin d'expliquer la façon dont la psychologie d'une foule diffère et interagit avec celle des individus en son sein.",
"translation": "Social Psychologists have developed several theories to explain the way in which the psychology of a crowd differs and interacts with that of the individuals within it.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"crowd"
],
"id": "en-foule-fr-noun-W0U1vdef",
"links": [
[
"crowd",
"crowd"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the thronging of a crowd"
],
"id": "en-foule-fr-noun-G49fklUy",
"links": [
[
"thronging",
"thronging"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a great number, multitude, mass; host"
],
"id": "en-foule-fr-noun-JB05PtQE",
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"number",
"number"
],
[
"multitude",
"multitude"
],
[
"mass",
"mass"
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[
"host",
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{
"homophone": "foulent"
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"homophone": "foules"
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"name": "der"
},
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"name": "der"
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"4": "",
"5": "to trample, to full"
},
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"name": "der"
}
],
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"tags": [
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}
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"name": "der"
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"args": {
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"name": "der"
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],
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"foulen#German"
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"word": "foul"
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"id": "foully",
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"expansion": "Old English fūle (“foully”)",
"name": "inh"
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"name": "inh+"
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"pos2": "adverbial suffix",
"t1": "foul"
},
"expansion": "by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -e (adverbial suffix)",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fūle (“foully”); by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -e (adverbial suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ffoule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "foul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "fowle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "foylle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "full",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fulle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
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"6": "{{{2}}}",
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"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "foule",
"name": "enm-adv"
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],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adv",
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{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -e (adverbial)",
"parents": [],
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}
],
"glosses": [
"In an ugly or displeasing way; unattractively, unpleasantly:",
"Filthily; in a dirty or revolting manner."
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],
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106
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"3": "foule",
"4": "",
"5": "the act of milling clothes or hats"
},
"expansion": "Middle French foule (“the act of milling clothes or hats”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "foler",
"4": "",
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},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "fullō",
"4": "",
"5": "to trample, to full"
},
"expansion": "Latin fullō (“to trample, to full”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French foule (“the act of milling clothes or hats”) and fouler (“to trample, mill, fordo, mistreat”), from Old French foler (“to crush, act wickedly”), from Latin fullō (“to trample, to full”). More at full.",
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"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"glosses": [
"the act or process of treading or milling"
],
"links": [
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"process",
"process"
],
[
"treading",
"treading"
],
[
"milling",
"milling"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"oppression, vexation"
],
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[
"oppression",
"oppression"
],
[
"vexation",
"vexation"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
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"ipa": "/ful/"
},
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},
{
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},
{
"homophone": "foulent"
},
{
"homophone": "foules"
}
],
"word": "foule"
}
{
"categories": [
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"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French feminine nouns",
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"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with homophones",
"French verb forms",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:French/ul"
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{
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"name": "der"
},
{
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},
{
"args": {
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"4": "",
"5": "to trample, to full"
},
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"name": "der"
}
],
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"expansion": "foule",
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],
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{
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}
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"inflection of fouler:",
"first/third-person singular present indicative/subjunctive"
],
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[
"fouler",
"fouler#French"
]
],
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},
{
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],
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],
"links": [
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"fouler#French"
]
],
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"singular"
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],
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ul"
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{
"homophone": "foulent"
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{
"homophone": "foules"
}
],
"word": "foule"
}
{
"categories": [
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"German non-lemma forms",
"German verb forms",
"Pages with 5 entries",
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],
"head_templates": [
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"expansion": "foule",
"name": "head"
}
],
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"pos": "verb",
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{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "foulen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of foulen:",
"first-person singular present"
],
"links": [
[
"foulen",
"foulen#German"
]
],
"tags": [
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"form-of",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
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{
"word": "foulen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of foulen:",
"first/third-person singular subjunctive I"
],
"links": [
[
"foulen",
"foulen#German"
]
],
"tags": [
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"form-of",
"singular",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
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},
{
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"word": "foulen"
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],
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],
"links": [
[
"foulen",
"foulen#German"
]
],
"tags": [
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"imperative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
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],
"word": "foule"
}
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"categories": [
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"Middle English alternative forms",
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"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -e (adverbial)",
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"Pages with entries",
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"enm:Smell"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "foul"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
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{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"3": "fūle",
"4": "",
"5": "foully",
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"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "foully",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English fūle (“foully”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "ang",
"3": "fūle",
"id": "foully",
"t": "foully"
},
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},
{
"args": {
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"2": "foul",
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"id1": "foul",
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"nocap": "1",
"pos2": "adverbial suffix",
"t1": "foul"
},
"expansion": "by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -e (adverbial suffix)",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fūle (“foully”); by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -e (adverbial suffix).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ffoule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "foul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "fowle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "foylle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "full",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fulle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
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"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{2}}}",
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},
"expansion": "foule",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "foule",
"name": "enm-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"In an ugly or displeasing way; unattractively, unpleasantly:",
"Filthily; in a dirty or revolting manner."
],
"links": [
[
"ugly",
"ugly"
],
[
"displeasing",
"displeasing"
],
[
"unattractively",
"unattractively"
],
[
"unpleasantly",
"unpleasantly"
],
[
"Filthily",
"filthily"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"revolting",
"revolting"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foully"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"In an ugly or displeasing way; unattractively, unpleasantly:",
"Noxiously, poisonously (especially of smells)"
],
"links": [
[
"ugly",
"ugly"
],
[
"displeasing",
"displeasing"
],
[
"unattractively",
"unattractively"
],
[
"unpleasantly",
"unpleasantly"
],
[
"Noxiously",
"noxiously"
],
[
"poisonously",
"poisonously"
],
[
"smell",
"smell#English"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"In an improper or incorrect way; inappropriately:",
"Sinfully, deceitfully; while violating morals."
],
"links": [
[
"improper",
"improper"
],
[
"incorrect",
"incorrect"
],
[
"inappropriately",
"inappropriately"
],
[
"Sinfully",
"sinfully"
],
[
"deceitfully",
"deceitfully"
],
[
"moral",
"moral"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foully"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"In an improper or incorrect way; inappropriately:",
"Disgracefully, shamefully; in a humiliating way."
],
"links": [
[
"improper",
"improper"
],
[
"incorrect",
"incorrect"
],
[
"inappropriately",
"inappropriately"
],
[
"Disgracefully",
"disgracefully"
],
[
"shamefully",
"shamefully"
],
[
"humiliating",
"humiliating"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foully"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Harshly, forcefully; in a severe way."
],
"links": [
[
"Harshly",
"harshly"
],
[
"forcefully",
"forcefully"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foully"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Unfortunately; through bad luck."
],
"links": [
[
"Unfortunately",
"unfortunately"
],
[
"bad luck",
"bad luck"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "foully"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuːl(ə)/"
}
],
"word": "foule"
}
{
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"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Smell"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
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"2": "adjective",
"altform": "1"
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"expansion": "foule",
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}
],
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"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
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{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "(“foul”):",
"word": "foul"
}
],
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"inflection of foul (“foul”):",
"weak singular"
],
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[
"foul",
"foul#Middle_English:_foul"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "(“foul”):",
"word": "foul"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of foul (“foul”):",
"strong/weak plural"
],
"links": [
[
"foul",
"foul#Middle_English:_foul"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "foul",
"word": "foul"
}
],
"categories": [
"Late Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of foul (“foul”)"
],
"links": [
[
"foul",
"foul#Middle_English:_foul"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(especially Late Middle English) alternative form of foul (“foul”)"
],
"tags": [
"Late-Middle-English",
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"especially"
]
}
],
"word": "foule"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Ethics",
"enm:Smell"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "verb",
"altform": "1"
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"expansion": "foule",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to foul",
"word": "foulen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of foulen (“to foul”)"
],
"links": [
[
"foulen",
"foulen#Middle_English:_to_foul"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "foule"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "fro",
"3": "foulc",
"4": "",
"5": "people, multitude, crowd, troop"
},
"expansion": "Old French foulc (“people, multitude, crowd, troop”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "la-vul",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*folk",
"4": "",
"5": "crowd, multitude, people"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *folk (“crowd, multitude, people”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fulką",
"4": "",
"5": "collection or class of people, multitude; host of warriors"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fulką (“collection or class of people, multitude; host of warriors”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pleh₁-",
"4": "",
"5": "to fill"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French foulc (“people, multitude, crowd, troop”), from Vulgar Latin, from Frankish *folk (“crowd, multitude, people”), from Proto-Germanic *fulką (“collection or class of people, multitude; host of warriors”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "foules",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{3}}}",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "foules",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f2accel-form": "p",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "foule f (plural foules)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "foule f (plural foules)",
"name": "nrf-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Jersey Norman",
"Norman entries with incorrect language header",
"Norman feminine nouns",
"Norman lemmas",
"Norman nouns",
"Norman terms derived from Frankish",
"Norman terms derived from Old French",
"Norman terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Norman terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Norman terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"crowd"
],
"links": [
[
"crowd",
"crowd"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Jersey) crowd"
],
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "fliotchet"
}
],
"word": "foule"
}
Download raw JSONL data for foule meaning in All languages combined (21.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.